Gastrointestinal: Toothache, nausea, gastritis, indigestion, diarrhea, stomach pain, gas, mouth sores

Genitourinary: Kidney disease, aphrodisiac, increases menstrual bleeding

Musculoskeletal: Soothes muscle and joint pain (oil)

Neurologic: Alzheimers, fatigue, pain relief, antiseizure

Skin: Exfoliant, acne, wrinkles, skin rash, promotes hair growth

Mental Health: Antidepressant, stimulant, insomnia, hallucinogen, stress, depression, anxiety, promotes relaxation

Cancer: May help some cancers (discuss with healthcare provider)

                                                       *   *   *

SIDE EFFECTS: In larger doses, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea dizziness, dry mouth, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat), agitation, large dose/hallucinations (long-term use), reduction of fertility in men (high doses)

CAUTION/CONTRAINDICATIONS: Death in overdose, anticholinergic medications, some medications metabolized by the P450 1A2 pathway (theophylline, Clozaril, Flexeril, Luvox, Haldol, Zyprexa, Inderal, Zomig, and others), may be carcinogenic (German Commission E) and toxic in large doses

FORMS: Oils and ground, dental gels and toothpaste (to prevent cavities), extract, tea

Recommended Brands

No currently recommended brands available.

I only recommend herbal and supplement brands that meet high standards for safety, effectiveness, and transparency. I research each product before sharing. Some links—Fullscript and Life Extension—are affiliate links, meaning I may earn a small commission if you purchase through them, at no extra cost to you. This helps support the free educational content on this site.

Dosage

As directed on the product label.

Some clinical and consumer sources describe a wide range of herbal amounts, and many are not supported by strong evidence. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

Amounts used in studies vary widely depending on the formulation and purpose. These study amounts are not clinical recommendations and may not apply to consumer products.

Commonly reported amounts include:

• 1–2 pinches of powder once or twice daily

• 1/4 teaspoon twice daily (do not exceed 1–2 mg per day)

*Disclaimer: The material above is for informational purposes only. This information is not intended to diagnose or treat a condition. The uses listed above are tentative; some have or are undergoing research trials, but many are not FDA-approved. It is essential that you investigate these supplements further before deciding to use them. Check interactions and contraindications on sites like Drugs.com, German Commission e or WebMD. Do not attempt to treat a serious condition like liver, kidney problems, high blood pressure, heart, cancer, diabetes, or thyroid issues without discussing it with a healthcare provider first. If you are pregnant, do not use supplements without discussing it with your healthcare provider.