The Tylenol Controversy: Understanding Acetaminophen and Its Implications
- vickinps
- Jul 31
- 32 min read
Updated: 6 days ago
Update on COVID-19 Vaccine Guidelines (as of 10/07/2015) - Will Insurance Cover It?
Who’s Eligible Now? What the New COVID Vaccine Guidelines Mean for You—and Your Wallet
As of 10/07/2025, the federal government has released updated COVID-19 vaccine guidelines. If you are wondering whether you and your loved ones can receive a vaccine, the CDC recommends discussing the risks versus the benefits with your healthcare provider. If you decide to proceed, you can make an appointment at your local pharmacy, as you no longer need a prescription.
In August 2025, the FDA approved updated vaccines from Pfizer (for those six months and older), Moderna (for those six months and older), and Novavax (for those 12 years and older).
New Federal Recommendations - Please Read
Many medical organizations, including the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Academy of Pediatrics, support the COVID-19 vaccine.
Who is Most Likely to Be Covered by Insurance (Medicare and Private Insurance)?
Most private insurances, Medicare, and Medicaid are currently covering the COVID-19 vaccines.
If you are interested in getting a COVID vaccination, call your insurance company or check with your pharmacist to see if it is covered.
While COVID-19 can affect anyone, individuals with the following underlying conditions should consider getting vaccinated. Speak to your healthcare provider if you have any of these conditions, as they may increase the risk of hospitalization, severe illness, or death from COVID-19:
Chronic Diseases
Heart conditions (e.g., coronary artery disease, heart failure)
Chronic lung disease (e.g., COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis)
Chronic kidney disease
Chronic liver disease
Diabetes (Type 1, Type 2, gestational)
Neurological & Developmental Conditions
Dementia, Parkinson’s, epilepsy
Cerebral palsy, Down syndrome
Intellectual or developmental disabilities
Immunocompromised States
Cancer (especially blood cancers)
HIV infection
Primary immunodeficiencies
Organ or stem cell transplant recipients
Use of immunosuppressive medications
Blood & Metabolic Disorders
Sickle cell disease
Hemoglobin disorders
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)
Metabolic syndrome
Other Risk Factors
Pregnancy
Smoking (current or former)
Substance use disorders
Physical inactivity
Tuberculosis
Mental health conditions (e.g., depression, schizophrenia)
Pediatric-Specific Risk Factors (AAP Guidance)
For children ages 2–18, the AAP adds:
Congenital heart disease
Feeding tube dependence
Tracheostomy or ventilator dependence
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
What This Means Practically
If someone has any of these conditions, they are eligible for the COVID vaccine under current FDA authorization. Providers may still recommend vaccination for otherwise healthy individuals through shared decision-making.
Diseases of the Day
Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is transmitted by triatomine bugs, commonly known as "kissing bugs." Until 2013, this disease was primarily found in Latin America. However, it has now spread to three southern states and has been detected in 31 states overall. The disease has been reported in parts of eight southernmost states: Texas, California, Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Missouri, and Tennessee.
How is It Spread?
Chagas is spread when an infected triatomine bug bites the victim and defecates near the bite. Parasites in the feces can enter the body through the bite wound, mucous membranes (eyes or mouth), or broken skin—especially if someone unknowingly rubs or scratches the area.
What Are the Symptoms?
Some people do not experience symptoms at all, while others may develop mild acute symptoms. Chronic disease symptoms affect approximately 20–30% of infected individuals.
Two Notable Stages of Chagas Symptoms Include:
Stage One
- Fever and fatigue
- Body aches and headache
- Swelling at the bite site or around the eye (Romaña’s sign)
- Rash, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
- Enlarged lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
Stage Two (10-20 years later, severe symptoms can develop)
- Irregular heartbeat or heart failure
- Sudden cardiac arrest
- Difficulty swallowing or chronic constipation
- Enlarged esophagus or colon
How Is It Diagnosed?
Diagnosis can be challenging. The acute phase has symptoms common to many other illnesses. A healthcare provider may ask about symptoms, travel history, and potential exposure to kissing bugs. Blood tests are used for diagnosis. In the acute phase, diagnosis may involve direct detection of the parasite in blood. In the chronic phase, at least two positive serologic tests detecting antibodies to different T. cruzi antigens are required. If late-stage Chagas is suspected, cardiac evaluation and gastrointestinal imaging may be performed to determine the extent of damage caused by the parasite.
COVID-19 Rising in the US - August 2025
What You Need to Know About the Summer Surge and Symptoms
As we move through August, COVID-19 is quietly but steadily making a comeback across the United States. While headlines may not scream “pandemic,” the data tells a different story—one that deserves our attention, not alarm, but informed action.
The Numbers Behind the Rise
According to the National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS), which tests wastewater for different viruses, COVID-19 cases are on the rise. The CDC bases its numbers on ER COVID-19 cases, as many cases do not result in emergency care. Wastewater data may offer a more sensitive early signal, while the CDC’s COVID-19 site reflects more severe or clinically confirmed cases.
Wastewater surveillance reveals “high” or “very high” viral activity in states like Nevada, Utah, and Connecticut.
While exact numbers are elusive, independent modeling groups estimate 1.2 to 1.3 million new infections daily.
What’s Driving the Surge?
Two new variants are leading the charge:
NB.1.8.1 (“Nimbus”) – Highly transmissible and known for causing a "razor-blade-like sore throat" and gastrointestinal symptoms.
XFG (“Stratus”) – As of September 2025, XFG is responsible for 78-85% of COVID-19 cases. It is rapidly spreading and is now the dominant strain in wastewater and clinical sequencing.
These variants are part of the Omicron family but come with their own quirks—faster transmission, immune escape, and more pronounced symptoms.
What You Can Do—No Need to Panic, but Stay Vigilant
Update your COVID-19 vaccine if it’s been more than six months.
Mask up in crowded indoor spaces, especially if you’re high-risk.
Use rapid tests if you’re symptomatic or have been exposed.
Improve ventilation with HEPA filters or open windows.
Most cases still resemble classic COVID-19, but some variants bring unique traits:
Usual Symptoms:
Fever
Cough
Sore throat
Fatigue
Congestion or runny nose
Loss of taste or smell
XFG Variant-Specific Symptoms:
Hoarseness or raspy voice
Dry, irritated throat
Why You Should Care
This isn’t about fear—it’s about care. For yourself, your loved ones, and your community. COVID-19 may no longer dominate the news cycle, but it still affects lives. Staying informed and taking small precautions can make a big difference.
What Does RFK's (the Secretary of Health and Human Services) Funding Withdrawal From mRNA Vaccine Mean For You?
mRNA vaccines are among the COVID-19 vaccines that most people receive. These cuts were reportedly made because Robert Kennedy believes that the COVID vaccines have not been very effective. However, while they may have side effects for some people, they have been credited with saving millions of lives. He also has concerns about creating mutations of the COVID variant.
RFK Jr.’s mRNA Funding Cuts: What It Means for COVID-19 Vaccines and Future Innovation
On August 5, 2025, Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced the termination of $500 million in federal funding for mRNA vaccine research. This decision affects 22 projects, including contracts with Moderna, Pfizer, and leading universities. While final-stage COVID-19 vaccines for Fall 2025 are still on track, the long-term consequences of this move are profound.
Will We Still Get Updated COVID-19 Vaccines?
Yes—for now. Moderna and Pfizer are still producing updated vaccines targeting the dominant variant in the U.S. These vaccines are expected to be available this fall, especially for older adults and high-risk groups. However, here’s the catch:
No new mRNA projects will be funded by the federal government.
Future variant-specific updates may be slower or less frequent.
Universal vaccine research is being prioritized, but it’s still experimental.
For more information about COVID-19, including symptoms, prevention, and care strategies, visit Exploring COVID-19.
Flu - Are Influenza Numbers Increasing in the US Yet? (August 2025)
Not yet.
U.S. Cases Remain Low in September—That is Typical for the Summer - But Stay Vigilant - Flu Will Be Here Before You Know It
As of September 2025, flu activity across the United States is low, according to the CDC’s Week 31 surveillance report:
Only 0.4% of respiratory specimens tested positive for influenza.
Most cases are Influenza A (H1N1), with minimal Influenza B detection.
Flu Season Is Coming: How to Prepare for Fall 2025
As the heat of summer fades, so does our immunity buffer. With one of the most severe flu seasons on record behind us, now is the time to prepare. The 2024–2025 season brought an estimated 29 million illnesses, 16,000 deaths, and 280 pediatric fatalities, making it the deadliest non-pandemic flu season since pediatric flu deaths became nationally reportable in 2004.
Here’s your action plan to stay ahead:
Recommended for everyone 6 months and older.
Especially critical for children, older adults, and those with chronic conditions.
Prevention Tips
Wash hands frequently.
Cover coughs and sneezes.
Disinfect high-touch surfaces.
Stock up on thermometers, fever reducers (acetaminophen or ibuprofen), hydration aids, and electrolyte solutions.
Keep masks and hand sanitizer for high-risk environments.
Learn more about the flu, US maps, symptoms, approaches, treatment, and prevention here.
West Nile Disease - Increasing in the US - 40% Higher Than Usual for This Time of Year
West Nile virus cases are increasing across the U.S., especially in the Midwest (especially Colorado) and Northeast. Here's a snapshot of the current situation:
Rising Case Counts
According to MedicalXpress, 1,137 reported human cases have been reported nationwide as of September 30, 2025, across 42 states.
North Dakota alone has reported 78 cases, more than their total for all of 2024.
Minnesota and the greater Midwest are seeing a surge in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes carrying the virus.
Connecticut and New York have confirmed infected mosquito pools, with human cases rising in the tri-state area.
Colorado leads in cases with 220.
Severity Trends
Over half of reported cases are neuroinvasive, meaning the virus has entered the nervous system, causing serious complications like brain swelling or paralysis.
People over 60 and those with underlying health conditions are at greater risk for severe illness.
Why the Spike?
High mosquito populations due to warm, wet conditions.
Earlier seasonal activity than usual, with peak transmission typically in late August.
Climate shifts are expanding mosquito habitats and prolonging breeding seasons.
Prevention Tips
Use EPA-registered insect repellents (DEET, picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus).
Wear long sleeves and pants, especially at dusk and dawn.
Eliminate standing water around your home.
Keep window and door screens in good repair.
Measles (Rubeola)
Just keeping you posted about the growing number of measles cases. While measles is known for its characteristic rash, it is actually spread by the respiratory route: coughing and sneezing.
Case Numbers in the US
According to the CDC, as of September 24, 2025, there have been 1,491 confirmed cases this year—a 33-year high after the disease was declared eliminated in 2000, and a 31-fold increase over 2024. This year, there have been three confirmed deaths, and 185 cases have been hospitalized. According to the same source, 92% of these cases have not been immunized against measles.
Symptoms
In case you run into these symptoms, think measles:
High fever (often >104°F)
Cough, runny nose, red watery eyes
Koplik spots (tiny white spots inside the mouth)
Rash that spreads from face to body
Why Should You Care?
Measles is highly contagious. It can lead to pneumonia, encephalitis, ear infections, and occasionally dehydration due to diarrhea, and can occasionally be fatal.
Prevention: Hygiene & Exposure Response
Avoid contact with infected individuals.
Airborne precautions: The measles virus can linger in the air for up to 2 hours.
Post-exposure prophylaxis:
- MMR vaccine within 72 hours of exposure may prevent illness.
- Immune globulin within 6 days for high-risk individuals (e.g., infants, pregnant women, immunocompromised). Discuss any concerns about this with your healthcare provider.
Primary Prevention: MMR Vaccine
Two doses of MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella):
- First dose: 12–15 months old.
- Second dose: 4–6 years old.
Effectiveness: ~97% protection after two doses.
Adults: If unsure of immunity, a blood test can confirm it. Vaccination is recommended for those born after 1957 without documented immunity.
Explore more information about measles and vaccinations here.
What's Happening With Monkeypox (Mpox)? Why Aren't We Hearing About This?
Current Trends
Monkeypox (or mpox) is a viral disease in the same family as smallpox. It causes flu-like symptoms and a distinctive rash that can appear anywhere on the body, including the face, hands, and genitals. The rash progresses through stages—flat spots, blisters, scabs—and can last 2 to 4 weeks.
As of September 2025, the CDC has reported a noticeable uptick in mpox cases in the United States:
Year-to-date cases: According to the CDC, there have been 26,049 active cases in the US, a huge leap from 2023 when there were only 1,000-1,200 cases. These cases have primarily been found in major hubs:
- California – 5,010 cases
- New York – 3,948 cases
- Florida – 2,543 cases
- Texas – 2,372 cases
Wastewater surveillance and syndromic tracking are being used to detect early clusters in urban areas.
Who Gets Mpox?
Anyone can get mpox through close, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or animal. However, certain at-risk groups include:
Gay and bisexual men
People with multiple sexual partners
Individuals with weakened immune systems
How Does It Spread?
Direct contact with rash, scabs, or bodily fluids
Intimate or sexual contact
Contaminated objects like bedding or clothing
Symptoms of Monkeypox
Flu-like symptoms typically appear 1-5 days before the rash:
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches
Back pain
Swollen lymph nodes (a key differentiator from smallpox)
Chills
Exhaustion
Rash
Stages of the Monkeypox rash have various characteristics—stages may overlap:
Macules – Flat, discolored spots
Papules – Raised, firm bumps
Vesicles – Fluid-filled blisters with clear liquid
Pustules – Blisters filled with opaque pus; often deep-seated and painful
Scabs – Crusting and healing phase
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made through a thorough patient history, an exam, and a culture of one of the lesions.
While most people don't need to worry about mpox, it is good to be aware of: It is typically self-limiting and affects at-risk groups more than others. Of course, it's always good to be cautious around anyone with a rash or illness.
Prevention
If you are concerned about getting monkeypox, there is a vaccine: JYNNEOS - It is FDA-approved to protect against both mpox and smallpox. Learn more about Mpox on the CDC website.
Bird Flu (H5N1) (Avian Flu)
Bird flu, also known as avian influenza, is a viral infection that primarily affects birds but has recently spread to mammals and humans. The current strain of concern, H5N1, is highly pathogenic and has infected dairy cows, cats, and farm workers in the U.S.
As of September 2025, 90.9 million birds have been reported as infected with bird flu (counted since April 2024), the highest number of bird flu cases ever recorded. According to the USDA, since 2024, bird flu cases have also been discovered in 1,000 dairy herds across the US, with new detections still occurring yet possibly on the decline. Sadly, there has been little decline in bird flu cases. There have also been 70 confirmed human cases and one death.
How is the Bird Flu Transmitted?
Through direct contact with infected birds, animals, or contaminated environments.
Via respiratory droplets, animal waste, or contaminated surfaces.
Human-to-human transmission has not been sustained, but rare close-contact spread has occurred.
Interestingly, bird flu will show up as a positive influenza A on standard rapid flu tests. So if a person with "flu" symptoms, who regularly handles birds or livestock, gets a flu test, they need to mention it to a healthcare provider so they can be tested specifically for avian flu. There have been no cases of person-to-person spread of avian flu in the US.
Can I Catch Bird Flu if I Eat an Infected Animal?
Can you get bird flu from eating an egg from an infected bird? Rarely, but nevertheless, cook your eggs well! This is also true for eating infected chicken: Heating chicken to an internal temperature of 165°F (74°C) destroys avian influenza and other pathogens. Avoid raw milk: milk pasteurization helps prevent the spread from infected cattle.
Every day brings something new—a new virus, or an old one rearing its ugly head. New side effects we learn about medicines, a recall, and, sometimes, the revelation that a long-trusted product is toxic. And, sometimes, we actually uncover something that is truly good! A new treatment, a new medical breakthrough. Good or bad, there is always something new. What's New in Health and Medicine will bring you some of these updates every week, as things change.
I read medical news every day and get emails from numerous health and medical organizations. My purpose is to put it all here and act as your ears, to keep you up to date about emerging news trends in healthcare.
Chikungunya
We're also hearing more about Chikungunya these days. No, it is not the next COVID. With over 7,000 cases reported in China’s Guangdong province, this is considered an epidemic in that area, but as of September 2025, cases have been declining due to their aggressive containment measures—including mosquito-netted hospital beds and drone patrols. Some are calling Chikungunya “COVID 2.0.” Let's explore why:
What Makes Chikungunya Different from COVID-19:
Transmission: COVID-19 spreads through respiratory droplets; Chikungunya requires a mosquito bite from an infected Aedes mosquito (which also transmits dengue and Zika).
Contagiousness: COVID-19 is contagious person-to-person. Chikungunya is not contagious between people.
Global Risk: COVID-19 had pandemic potential due to airborne spread. Chikungunya outbreaks are geographically limited and require specific environmental conditions. This particular mosquito likes warm, humid climates/tropical areas.
What Makes Chikungunya Concerning:
Rapid Spread in Non-Immune Populations: In areas like mainland China, where immunity is low, outbreaks can escalate quickly. The 2025 outbreak in Guangdong has been linked to extreme monsoon rains and flooding, which created ideal breeding conditions for Aedes mosquitoes.
Symptoms: Joint pain, fever, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, and rash can be debilitating. Symptoms usually last for about one week, but joint pain may persist for weeks or even months, and in rare cases, for years. It is rarely fatal, and most people spontaneously recover fully within 1–2 weeks. Severe or prolonged symptoms are more common in high-risk groups, including older adults and those with underlying health conditions.
Climate Amplification
Monsoon rains and rising temperatures are known to amplify mosquito populations by increasing breeding sites and accelerating mosquito development and virus replication.
Why It’s Not “COVID 2.0” for the U.S.:
The U.S. has limited mosquito vectors, strong public health surveillance, and low local transmission risk.
In the U.S., low levels of circulating virus mean there's little chance for a large-scale epidemic.
A single-dose vaccine (IXCHIQ) is available for travelers aged 18–64, offering protection before visiting endemic areas.
Emerging Vaccines & Prevention
Most of those who have had the virus are immune.
While there's no specific antiviral treatment, two vaccines have received regulatory approval in some countries and are being considered for broader use: VLA1553 (Valneva) and CHIKV VLP (Bharat Biotech). They have received regulatory approval or emergency use authorization in select countries and are under review for broader deployment.
Preventive measures like mosquito control, insect repellents, getting rid of standing water, mosquito netting (if in a prevalent area), and checking travel advisories before traveling to a country. These preventive measures are common standard recommendations for Aedes mosquito control and also help reduce the transmission of other mosquito-borne diseases, including West Nile virus, Zika, and malaria.
Diagnosis
Confirmation through blood testing. In the acute phase, diagnosis may involve RT-PCR or virus isolation. In the chronic phase, serologic testing is used to detect antibodies.
Treatment is Symptomatic
There is no specific antiviral treatment for Chikungunya. Management focuses on relieving symptoms.
Rest and hydration: Essential for recovery.
Pain relief:
- Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is preferred initially, especially in dengue-endemic areas, to avoid bleeding risks.
- NSAIDs (like ibuprofen) may be used once dengue is ruled out.
Anti-inflammatory therapy:
- Corticosteroids are generally not recommended during the acute phase but may be considered for persistent post-viral arthritis in the chronic phase.
- Physical therapy can aid recovery in chronic arthritis cases.
Antipyretics to lower fever.
The Timeline:
1950s - Found in Africa and Asia.
1950 to 2000 - Africa, Asia, Thailand, and India.
2004-2005 - Epidemic in Kenya, Indian Ocean Islands, Southeast Asia, India.
2013-2014 - Spread to the Caribbean and the Americas.
2025 - Over 110 countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas report cases.
Currently in the U.S.: According to the CDC, there are 76 travel-related cases of Chikungunya reported in 2025 as of mid-September. No locally acquired mosquito-related cases have been confirmed in U.S. states or territories since 2019.
China Confirmed Cases: Over 8,000 confirmed cases have been reported since July 2025, making it the largest documented outbreak of Chikungunya in mainland China. Foshan City in Guangdong Province is the epicenter, with over 87% of cases concentrated in Shunde District. There is an active CDC Level 2 travel alert advising enhanced precautions.
Worldwide: As of late August 2025, over 317,000 cases and 135 deaths have been reported globally across 16 countries and territories.
🩺🌿Visit Our Health & Illness Resource Center
What's New in Health and Medicine? Recent Accounts of Legionnaires Disease
Maybe you recall the last big outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in 2015, when there were 138 confirmed cases and 16 deaths, all due to one cooling tower in a building in the Bronx, NY. Because reporting is scant, it is unclear whether or not cases are rising.
In July 2025, it hit at least 11 buildings (contaminated cooling towers) in Central Harlem, NY (zip codes 10027, 10030, 10035, 10037, and 10392). As of late August 2025, there were 67 confirmed cases and three deaths from that outbreak. Legionnaires' disease is relatively uncommon in the US.
What is it?
Caused by Legionella pneumophila, a bacterium that thrives in warm, stagnant water. It is spread through inhalation of mist from sources like cooling towers, fountains, and hot tubs. It is not contagious—it does not spread from person to person.
Symptoms
Cough, fever, chills, muscle aches, shortness of breath, and it is most likely to affect people with risk factors like old age or immunity issues.
Why Does This Happen?
Environmental temperatures, conditions, and maintenance of pipes and equipment, AC overuse or stagnancy, poor maintenance, and lack of disinfection are contributing factors. They are required to have mandatory inspections and follow disinfection protocols.
Final Thoughts
Why mRNA Matters
mRNA technology allows scientists to:
Rapidly develop vaccines in response to emerging variants.
Tailor protection to specific strains like COVID-19, flu, RSV, and even bird flu.
Explore treatments for cancer, HIV, and autoimmune diseases.
Experts say this platform saved millions of lives during the pandemic and remains one of the fastest, safest, and most adaptable tools in modern medicine.
What These Cuts Could Mean
Slower Response to Future Variants: Without federal support, companies may struggle to update vaccines quickly as new strains emerge.
Reduced Pandemic Preparedness.
Impact on Other Diseases: Projects targeting HIV, cancer, Zika, and malaria are now at risk. Some contracts have already been canceled.
Shift to Older Technologies: Kennedy is redirecting funds to whole-virus and traditional platforms, which are slower to develop and may carry more side effects.
Decrease Biodefense Capabilities.
What You Can Do
Stay informed: Share evidence-based updates with your audience.
Advocate for science: Support continued innovation in vaccine technology.
Get vaccinated: Updated COVID-19 shots will still be available this fall, especially important for older adults and high-risk groups.
Take precautions: Keep your distance, wear a mask in crowded places, wash your hands, optimize your immune system with adequate rest, vitamins, and supplements, and avoid stress.
As a nurse practitioner and health communicator, I believe in empowering you with facts—not fear. This year’s vaccine rollout may feel confusing, but with the right information, you can make informed choices for yourself and your family. It may not be the 2020 strain, but some people still get very sick with COVID-19.
The Tylenol Controversy
Acetaminophen (Common: Tylenol)
Used as a common pain reliever and fever reducer, Tylenol has come under scrutiny.
Note: Tylenol use during pregnancy has become a controversial issue since Robert F. Kennedy, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, claims that it potentially causes autism in children when pregnant women take it for pain or fever. There have been no formal studies regarding this, and there have been no other alternatives recommended for pain or fever by the Health and Human Services Director. In fact, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) states it’s one of the only safe options for treating pain and fever in pregnancy. Before totally nixing this medication, further studies need to be done.
According to studies cited by MedicalNewsToday, a fever left untreated during various stages of pregnancy has risks of its own.
Left untreated in the first trimester can cause:
Neural Tube Defects (NTDs): Studies show that fevers over 102–103°F (39–39.4°C) early in pregnancy may double the risk of NTDs like spina bifida.
Congenital Heart Defects & Cleft Lip/Palate: Elevated maternal temperature has been associated with an increased risk of these structural anomalies.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Some studies suggest a possible link, but findings are inconclusive and require more research.
According to Medicover Hospitals in Europe and India, a high or prolonged fever left untreated in pregnant women can cause:
Reduced placental function.
Dehydration & Electrolyte Imbalance: Especially if fever is accompanied by vomiting or diarrhea, which can decrease amniotic fluid and affect fetal oxygenation and maternal stability.
Infection-related complications.
High or prolonged fever later in pregnancy may contribute to:
Preterm labor.
Fetal distress.
Low birth weight.
Preterm Labor: Fever from infections like flu or COVID-19 can trigger contractions and increase the risk of early delivery.
Understand this: There are so many toxins in our environment that can affect fetal development. If you are unsure what to do, discuss this with your healthcare provider.
Background: Acetaminophen (common: Tylenol) is a very common over-the-counter medicine for fever and pain. It was inadvertently discovered in the late 1800s in Europe when a febrile person was given a derivative of coal tar to treat parasitic worms. The parasites did not go away, but the person's fever went down. From that, paracetamol was developed. In the 1950s, the same medicine was marketed for pain and fever in the United States as acetaminophen (Tylenol). The rest is history.
Tylenol kills pain by working on the central nervous system—not at the site—to decrease pain. Interestingly, no one has been able to figure out exactly how it works.
Life is like a box of chocolates…nice on the outside but what's inside might surprise you!
Explore the hidden toxins—and the health perks—hidden in your favorite cocoa and chocolate treats. Dark cocoa and chocolates are delicious—and often packed with health-promoting flavanols, a type of antioxidant. At the same time, quite a few have unsafe levels of heavy metals like cadmium and lead. Learn more about the benefits and risks of these and what some of the best chocolates are.
While I would not rely on chocolate to control a serious health condition, research from ConsumerLab suggests that dark chocolate may offer the following potential health benefits:
Supports vascular function and improves blood flow—even to the heart (200 mg daily).
May reduce the risk of cardiovascular death, heart attacks, and strokes.
Modestly lowers blood pressure.
May benefit peripheral vascular disease.
Lowers LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and may raise HDL (“good”) cholesterol.
Might reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation.
May slightly reduce blood clotting.
200–600 mg daily may lower fasting blood sugar and insulin resistance (less impact if already well-controlled by medication).
Might enhance physical performance and endurance.
May improve short-term cognitive function.
Slight mood boost; possible reduction in depression.
May improve skin moisture, elasticity, and reduce wrinkles.
May support gut health.
Contains caffeine and theobromine—natural stimulants that may promote alertness.
The Bad News?
Some popular cocoa and chocolate products may contain heavy metals like cadmium and lead—posing real health risks. Cocoa plants absorb various heavy metals depending on the soil they are grown in, the country they are grown in, the plant genetics, how the cocoa is harvested, the insecticides used, nearby runoff, processing, and transporting. All of these factors can affect how much heavy metal is in the chocolate product you are eating.
What Can These Heavy Metals Do?
Cadmium
Kidney damage.
Bone weakening (interferes with calcium metabolism).
Reproductive harm (linked to fertility issues and fetal development).
Immune suppression.
Increased cancer risk.
Lead
Memory loss.
Mood disorders.
Elevated dementia risk.
Arsenic
Skin and liver cancer.
Mercury
Neurotoxicity.
The darker it is, the healthier it is supposed to be, BUT many chocolates are more likely to have contamination because of the concentration of cocoa responsible for the darkness.
How Much Cocoa is in Your Typical 85 g Chocolate Bar?
An 85g chocolate bar typically contains:
85% cocoa → ~18 tablespoons of cocoa ingredients.
72% cocoa → ~15 tablespoons.
60% cocoa → ~13 tablespoons.
Milk chocolate (10–25% cocoa) → significantly less cocoa, more sugar and fat.
So What IS a Good Chocolate?
FIRST, READ YOUR LABELS (if you can even make out the fine print!)
Check the percent of cacao – is it 65%, 72%, 85% (remember, the higher, the healthier). A good, tolerable taste is usually around 72%.
Check out the origin: The origin may help determine potential levels of toxins. The US allows inordinately high levels of heavy metals in chocolate (except for California, which limits levels of heavy metals in chocolates).
Recommended Brands of Dark Chocolate
Based on independent testing by ConsumerLab, here are some dark chocolate products with high flavanol content and lower levels of heavy metals:
Baking Chocolate
Baker's Semi-Sweet (56% cacao) – 5.3 mg/g flavanols.
Baker's Unsweetened (100% cacao) – 8.5 mg/g.
Ghirardelli® Premium Baking Cocoa – 100% cocoa.
Chocolate Bars
Choc Zero Sugar Free (70%) – 2 mg/g.
Chocolove Strong Dark (70%) – 4.9 mg/g.
Endangered Species™ (88%) – 5.6 mg/g.
Ghirardelli® Intense Dark (72%) – 12.7 mg/g.
Hu Salty Dark (70%) – 5.9 mg/g.
Montezuma's® Absolute Black (100%) – 14 mg/g.
Trader Joe's® Pound Plus (72%) – 5.2 mg/g.
Chips
Ghirardelli® Premium Baking Chips (60%).
Cocoa Powders
365 Organic (Whole Foods).
Good & Gather (Target).
Hershey's Special Dark – Adults only (cadmium too high for kids).
Nestle® Toll House.
NOW® Organic.
Trader Joe’s Organic Fair Trade.
Valrhona Poudre De Cacao.
Wildly Organic Fermented.
Hot Cocoa Mixes
Ghirardelli® Double Chocolate – Adults only (lead too high for kids).
Nestle® Hot Cocoa Mix – Adults only.
Supplements
CocoaVia™ Brain Health Memory+.
You’re damned if you do, and damned if you don’t…but wait—there’s a sweet spot. This Valentine’s Day, if you really love your partner, choose chocolate that loves them back.
Rethinking Sugars and Substitutes: Is Sugar the Safer Sweetener?
Sugars and Sugar Substitutes
Many of us have read alarming headlines about the dangers of white granulated sugar and its substitutes, prompting questions like: Which sweetener is truly the healthiest? Are sugar substitutes actually safe? It’s time to clear the air and take a closer look.
This post explores some of the science behind common sweeteners—natural and artificial—sharing information about their health impacts, hidden risks, and how they compare to good old-fashioned sugar.
Refined table sugar isn’t the problem; overuse is what poses health risks. When consumed within recommended limits, it may actually be safer than many sweeteners marketed as “guilt-free.” Yellow granulated sugars are metabolically similar.
These sugars are likely safe for most people (excluding those with diabetes or other sugar-related conditions) if used within the recommended daily limits for added sugars (including sugar, corn syrup, and honey):
Women: 6 teaspoons (24 grams).
Men: 9 teaspoons (36 grams).
Why Sugar May Be the More Predictable Choice
Metabolically predictable: Unlike artificial sweeteners, sugar follows well-understood metabolic pathways. No surprises for your gut or brain.
No microbiome disruption: Artificial sweeteners like sucralose and saccharin may alter gut flora—sugar does not.
No endocrine confusion: Some non-nutritive sweeteners may trigger insulin or other hormonal responses—sugar doesn’t.
No GI distress: Sugar doesn’t cause bloating or diarrhea like sugar alcohols often do. Sugar substitutes seem to have some quirky potential side effects—many of which are currently being studied.
So, with the exception of sorbitol (with seemingly fewer side effects than the others), I would think before I use these substitutes. Consideration: If you reach the recommended limit of sugar, use one of these to supplement but don't use a substitute regularly.
Sugars
Our bodies don’t require added sugar beyond what we consume in our regular diets. Carbohydrates are naturally broken down into glucose, and we also get sufficient sugars from whole foods.
Processed Sugar
Often labeled as “white sugar,” “table sugar,” or “granulated sugar,” it is typically derived from either sugar cane or sugar beets. While the source may differ, the end product is nearly identical: pure sucrose, a compound made of equal parts glucose and fructose. Regardless of origin, both types are metabolized similarly and pose the same health risks when consumed in excess.
Potential Health Risks if Used in Excess
Elevated triglycerides (dangerous cholesterol).
High blood pressure.
Cardiovascular strain.
Increased inflammation, contributing to chronic disease.
Atherosclerosis: Sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with artery-clogging plaque buildup.
Mental & Emotional Health - including mood swings, anxiety, and depression. Sugar "crashes" after taking in a lot of sugar and excessive sugar intake may disrupt neurotransmitter balance and worsen emotional regulation.
Insulin resistance → Type 2 diabetes risk.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Excess fructose is metabolized in the liver and can lead to fat accumulation (from fructose component).
Visceral fat gain: Fructose promotes deep abdominal fat, which is linked to heart disease and diabetes.
Dental decay – the most cariogenic sugar (causes more cavities) than other sugars.
Obesity – linked to obesity.
Yellow Processed Sugar
You’ve seen it in those little brown packets at restaurants. It may look healthier, but yellow granulated sugar is essentially the same as refined white sugar and carries the same health risks. It’s still sucrose, just with a touch of molasses, which adds trace minerals like calcium, iron, and magnesium—but not in useful amounts.
Is it Good for You?
Use it in great moderation like granulated sugar (above)—stay within the recommended limits.
Corn Syrup
Derived from corn, corn syrup starts as corn starch, but through processing, it’s turned into glucose. Sometimes, fructose is added, and it is made into high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which contains both glucose and fructose, making it nearly identical to table sugar. HFCS is often hidden in processed foods and beverages, making it easier to overconsume. Like white sugar, the glucose in corn syrup and even more so in high-fructose corn syrup is linked to risks similar to those from processed sugar.
Honey
Honey is made up of fructose and glucose. While it does have many benefits (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, minerals, and others), it is still a sugar and in larger than normal amounts (about 1 1/2 tablespoons daily) can also pose the same health risks as the sugars mentioned above.
Sugar Substitutes
Sugar Alcohols: Xylitol, Erythritol, and Sorbitol
Note: Have a lot of gas or bloating? Think about the sugarless gum, candies, or sugar substitutes you are using! These alcohol-sugars are notorious for causing stomach problems like gas and bloating!
Sorbitol – Sorbitol is a nutritive sugar substitute—it provides some calories, though fewer than sugar, and is designed to reduce some of the risks and adverse effects associated with traditional sugars. Although sorbitol occurs naturally in fruits, manufacturers overwhelmingly produce it from corn-derived starch. Through chemical processing, its structure is first converted to glucose, then to a sugar alcohol (not an alcohol, and chemically distinct from sugar or starch).
Uses: Sorbitol is commonly found in sugar-free gums, candies, medications, toothpaste, and mouthwash due to its non-cariogenic properties (it doesn’t feed oral bacteria). It’s also used as a sweetening additive in cooking, coffee, and tea.
Side Effects: Most side effects involve the gastrointestinal system, due to how sorbitol is metabolized in the gut: gas, bloating, cramping, diarrhea, and nausea. These effects are often avoidable with moderation.
Is it good for you? Possibly better than other sugar alcohols like xylitol and erythritol, which may carry greater risks (e.g., increased blood clotting).
Erythritol – Like sorbitol (above), manufacturers break down corn or wheat starch into glucose, which then undergoes fermentation and purification to produce a sugar alcohol (not an alcohol, and chemically distinct from sugar or starch).
Uses: Commonly marketed as a “natural” sweetener in keto and diabetic-friendly products.
Side Effects: Erythritol can cause digestive issues, though it’s generally better tolerated than sorbitol or xylitol due to differences in absorption and metabolism. While some studies suggest it may alter the gut microbiome, erythritol is largely resistant to fermentation, meaning it doesn’t feed gut bacteria the way other sugar alcohols do. More concerning, a study published by the NIH linked high blood levels of erythritol to an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. A Cleveland Clinic study further associated erythritol with enhanced blood clotting and cardiovascular risk, especially in people with preexisting conditions. The body’s inability to efficiently break down excess erythritol may contribute to these risks. Despite these findings, erythritol remains FDA-approved as a GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) ingredient—and it’s cheap to produce, making it attractive to manufacturers.
Is it good for you? May not be safe—especially for those who have cardiovascular risk factors.
Xylitol – Xylitol is made from a different kind of sugar called xylose, which is typically extracted from birchwood, corn husks, or sugar cane. Through several chemical processes, xylose is converted into a sugar alcohol—a compound with a sweet taste but a chemical structure distinct from both sugar and starch.
Uses: Xylitol is a plant-based sweetener found in sugar-free gum, toothpaste, baked goods, nasal sprays, hard seltzers, and dental health products. It’s especially prized for its cavity-fighting properties, as it doesn’t feed oral bacteria.
Side Effects: Like other sugar alcohols, xylitol can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea—especially in large doses. Emerging evidence suggests that, like erythritol, xylitol may also be linked to increased blood clotting and cardiovascular risks, particularly in individuals with underlying health conditions.
Note: Xylitol is highly toxic to dogs, even in small amounts. It can cause rapid insulin release, leading to hypoglycemia, seizures, liver failure, or death.
Is it good for you? Probably not ideal as a regular sugar substitute—at least until further studies clarify its long-term safety. Dental use may be an exception, but caution is warranted, especially in higher doses or for those with cardiovascular risk factors.
Miscellaneous Sugar Substitutes (Non-Sugar or Sugar Alcohol)
Stevia – Stevia is a natural, zero-calorie sweetener derived from the Stevia rebaudiana plant. It’s not a sugar but contains sweet-tasting compounds called steviol glycosides, which are extracted and purified from the leaves. Note: Whole stevia leaves and crude extracts are not approved by the FDA due to concerns about potential kidney, heart, and vascular effects. Only high-purity stevia leaf extracts are considered safe for use in foods and beverages.
Uses: Stevia is used for things like sugar-free drinks, tabletop sweeteners, baking blends, yogurts, protein bars, candies, and flavored supplements.
Side Effects: While generally well-tolerated, stevia may cause side effects in some individuals: Gastrointestinal symptoms: bloating, nausea, diarrhea—especially when blended with sugar alcohols; blood pressure and blood sugar effects: may cause hypotension or hypoglycemia, particularly in those with low baseline levels or on related medications; has diuretic action: may increase fluid loss and affect kidney function. There are also hormonal concerns: some studies suggest possible endocrine disruption (estrogen, testosterone, thyroid), though findings are inconsistent and mostly limited to high doses. Allergic reactions while relatively rare, can occur in those allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, or daisies.
Is it good for you? Questionable. It is still under review. While stevia may be a safer alternative to artificial sweeteners for many, caution is advised—especially for those with cardiovascular, endocrine, or autoimmune conditions. Moderation and product purity matter.
Aspartame (Equal and Nutrasweet) – Aspartame is not a sugar or sugar alcohol. It’s a synthetic compound made from two naturally occurring amino acids—aspartic acid and phenylalanine—plus a methyl group that contributes to its sweet taste.
Uses: Aspartame is used in many diet sodas, sugar-free gums, low-calorie and processed foods, some medications, and chewable supplements.
Side Effects: Aspartame is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory agencies like the FDA, but some individuals report side effects, including: Headaches, dizziness, and mood changes in sensitive individuals. Additionally, breakdown products—phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol—have raised concerns about neurotoxicity and cancer risk, though current evidence remains inconclusive. Gut health: Emerging research suggests aspartame may subtly influence metabolism and gut microbiome composition, though findings are still evolving.
PKU warning: People with phenylketonuria (PKU) must avoid aspartame entirely due to their inability to metabolize phenylalanine.
NOTE: NOT FOR USE IN BAKING - it breaks down and loses its sweetness.
Is it good for you? The jury is still out, maybe not.
Sucralose (Splenda) – Sucralose is a synthetic sweetener made by chemically modifying sucrose. Specifically, three hydroxyl groups are replaced with chlorine atoms, creating a compound that is 600 times sweeter than sugar and largely non-metabolizable by the body.
Uses: It is used in sugar-free gum, candies, beverages, diabetic-friendly foods, and low-calorie products, toothpaste, and mouthwash (non-cariogenic: does not promote tooth decay) and also as a laxative (draws water into the colon).
Side Effects: While sucralose is FDA-approved and considered safe at typical intake levels, research has raised several concerns: Headaches, dizziness, and appetite stimulation (personal accounts); gut microbiome disruption: Rodent studies show reduced beneficial bacteria and increased inflammation; insulin sensitivity: Some human studies suggest sucralose may impair insulin response in individuals not accustomed to artificial sweeteners; heat instability: When heated above 248°F (120°C), sucralose can break down into chlorinated byproducts such as chloropropanols, PCDD, and PCDF, which are potentially toxic and may pose carcinogenic risks.
Is it good for you? Jury is still out. Caution. Maybe not. Risks of Splenda: Too Risky to Use? - National Center for Health Research.
Saccharin (Sweet‘N Low) – Saccharin is one of the oldest artificial sweeteners, first discovered in the late 1800s during research on coal tar derivatives. Today, it’s produced through chemical synthesis using compounds like toluene or phthalic anhydride—both of which are also used in industrial solvents and plastics.
Uses: Often used in diet sodas, sugar-free candies, processed foods, tabletop sweeteners, baked and processed food, toothpaste, and pharmaceuticals.
Side Effects: Digestive issues: bloating or stomach discomfort and metallic aftertaste. Ongoing debates have been conducted over the years about this stuff causing cancer. Saccharin was once linked to bladder cancer in rats, prompting warning labels in the 1970s. However, further studies apparently found the risk was species-specific and not applicable to humans. The FDA, WHO, and American Cancer Society have all reviewed the data and consider saccharin safe for human consumption. Still… it’s hard to ignore that toluene, a precursor in saccharin synthesis, is also used in paint thinners and plastics. That alone gives some people pause.
Should I Use It?
Even with regulatory approval, I am skeptical given saccharin’s industrial origins or potential side effects (search up “toluene”). There are alternatives.
Truvia (Stevia and erythritol mix) - See Stevia and erythritol listings above. Truvia is a plant-based, calorie-free sweetener made from a blend of stevia leaf extract and erythritol, a sugar alcohol. Stevia provides intense sweetness, while erythritol adds bulk and texture—making Truvia suitable for both beverages and baking.
Uses: Tabletop sweetener, baked goods and desserts, yogurts and flavored dairy products, sugar-free beverages, protein bars, and low-carb snacks.
Side Effects: See the notes above for Stevia and erythritol for a list of potential side effects:
Stevia: May cause bloating or nausea in sensitive individuals; some extracts may interact with blood pressure or diabetes medications.
Erythritol: Can trigger gas, bloating, or diarrhea in higher doses due to its fermentation in the colon; recent studies have raised questions about its link to cardiovascular risk, though findings remain inconclusive.
Should I Use It? Too many potential side effects - I think I would find something better like granulated sugar in small quantities or sorbitol (if it does not bother your stomach).
Conclusion
So, what is a person to do? Pick your poison. If you are not a diabetic, start using a little bit of granulated sugar or honey (Women: 6 teaspoons - 24 grams and Men: 9 teaspoons - 36 grams). Read your labels and change things up, alternating different sugar substitutes so you don't get too much of one. Moderation is the key. Be aware that some of these non-sugar sweeteners are even used in chewable vitamins & supplements, nasal sprays & lozenges, salad dressings, pasta sauces, coleslaw & pickled vegetables, instant oatmeal packets, protein bars & shakes, yogurts, diet soda, flavored waters & iced teas, energy drinks & electrolyte mixes, and low-carb alcoholic beverages, including some seltzers, among others.
LOOK UP RECENT FOOD AND PRODUCT RECALLS: You can find FDA food recalls, product recalls, and safety alerts right here.
Other Health Hazards...
Potentially Unhealthy Things You Eat
Microplastics
There is always something being posted about unhealthy things you should not eat. Let's look at some of these.
What's the deal with microplastics? Where do they come from? These are tiny plastic particles intentionally manufactured, such as microbeads in cosmetics or industrial abrasives. They also result from the breakdown of larger plastic items—like plastic bottles, plastic we cook in, drink from, store foods in, plastic bags, and fishing nets. They also come from using microfibers, made from plastic, in clothing. Plastic objects get worn down by sunlight, the motion of water, physical wear, and other mechanisms to become tiny particles. I just don't know why people still buy liquids and drinks in plastic.
What does it do to your body? Microplastics enter our bodies through the foods we eat, in the air we breathe, and through our skin. Many are excreted by the body, yet some remain in the blood, brain (highest concentrations), liver, kidneys, lungs, placenta, breast milk, and semen.
While in the body, it can cause inflammation & oxidative stress: Microplastics may trigger immune responses and cellular damage. Microplastics can cause endocrine disruption: Chemicals in plastics (like BPA and phthalates) can interfere with hormone function and organ damage. Animal studies show microplastics accumulate in the liver, kidneys, and even the brain. And all this can cause heart and kidney problems, cognitive decline, risks of cancer, and fertility problems. A lot of plastics take hundreds of years to degrade.
Don't reheat foods in a plastic container in the microwave: Plastic leaches into the food.
Don't drink out of plastic bottles that have gotten hot: Heat causes plastic bottles to leach chemicals into water or soda. The longer and hotter the exposure, the greater the risk, especially for those left in cars, garages, or direct sunlight.
Hopefully, we are not of the mindset that we got ours; we were raised with disposable items which made life easy—Tupperware, furniture, plastic packaging, and soda bottles. Will we ever find substitutes? Or are we going to keep making more and more plastic, compromising the health of our children? When will we learn? Will we?
How Can You Avoid Consuming Microplastics?
Skip Bottled Water: Bottled water often contains 6× more microplastics than tap water. Opt for NSF-certified filters to reduce microplastics in tap water.
Avoid Plastic Food Containers: Microwaving in plastic can release billions of nanoplastics into food. Use glass, ceramic, or stainless steel for storage and heating.
Limit Processed & Packaged Foods: Highly processed foods (like fast food or snacks) may contain more microplastics due to packaging and production methods. Choose fresh, whole foods when possible.
Say No to Plastic Utensils & Takeout Containers: Plastic cutlery and containers leach microplastics, especially with hot or acidic foods. Cook at home or use reusable alternatives like bamboo or stainless steel.
Watch Out for Synthetic Fibers: Microplastics shed from synthetic clothing and can contaminate food via household dust. Use natural fabrics and consider air purifiers or frequent dusting.
Note:
Even fruits and vegetables can absorb microplastics into their tissues, depending on soil and water contamination. Washing produce thoroughly and choosing organic or locally grown options may help reduce exposure.
Let's Review Old News
Can you guess where the dirtiest place in your house is? No...Not the toilet. It is in the kitchen - #1 your sponge/wash rag and #2 your sink. Check out these tips:
Kitchen Sponge or Dishcloth
Warm, damp, and full of food particles—Ik. This is an ideal breeding ground for bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella.
Tip: Microwave damp (non-metal) sponges for 1–2 minutes or replace them weekly. You can also put them through the dishwasher - on the top shelf - on the hottest cycle.
Clean these every few days or when they begin to smell bad.
Soak in vinegar. Let it soak for 5–7 minutes (or overnight for extra sanitizing). Rinse with hot water, wring it out, and let it air dry.
Kitchen Sink
Tip: Scrub with disinfectant regularly, especially around the drain and faucet.
Close seconds to the kitchen: Toothbrush holders, pet bowls and toys, handles and switches, and coffee makers, among others.
Did You Know Heat Can Make You Age?
It's summer, and it's been hot all around the US. Plenty of states are experiencing above-average temperatures this season, and it seems to be getting hotter every subsequent summer. Heat is contributing to an increase in heat-related hospitalizations and deaths. The CDC noted%20public%20health%20alerts.) that in 2023, heat-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits were on the rise.
Excessive heat can overwhelm the body’s automatic cooling mechanisms, rendering them ineffective and preventing proper temperature control. The core body temperature increases and initially causes heat exhaustion—rapid pulse, heavy sweating, cramps, and headaches—which can progress to heat injury/heat stroke—which includes the above plus delirium, seizures, loss of consciousness, long-term damage, or death.
Heat can make you age. Interestingly, the body can undergo other changes in the heat besides those. According to Science Advances, excessive heat (over 80-90 degrees) has been noted as a possible factor in premature aging and deterioration of the body's cells causing accelerated onset of age-related diseases, like heart disease, dementia, and overall increased inflammation, especially in older adults and in at-risk individuals, as well as athletes who chronically overexert themselves.
What Can You Do?
Be smart when exercising—do it in a cool area indoors or at a cooler time of day. Be careful with medications that can increase your temperature (i.e., antidepressants, antihistamines, and blood pressure meds)—don't stop taking them, just be more careful in the heat. Stay cool. Hydrate well. Anticipate and avoid hot environments. If we can’t control the climate, we can try to control our surroundings—and how we live in them. And we can alter our lifestyle.
