Respiratory: Cough, colds, sore throat, laryngitis, bronchitis

Cardiovascular: Antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory

Gastrointestinal: Antidiarrheal, tooth and gum disorders/gingivitis, stomatitis, oral ulcers,

indigestion, liver disorders (?), liver protective (?), antihelminth (intestinal worms), stomach ulcers, dysentery, constipation, hemorrhoids, colitis

Genitourinary: Urinary disorders, birth control (historical ONLY- DO NOT assume effectiveness), UTI

Musculoskeletal: Osteoarthritis, antinociceptive pain,

Skin: Itching, leprosy, enhances healing, psoriasis, boils

Glucose: May help lower blood sugar

Immunity: Possible immune properties

Cancer: Possible antineoplastic, leukemia

Neurologic: Migraines

Mental Health: Anorexia, alertness (betel nut), sense of well-being (betel nut), cognitive function

Infectious Disease: Staph, salmonella, typhoid fever, Pseudomonas, Candida albicans, E. coli, gonorrhea, Klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella, syphilis

Other: Fever, obesity, anemia, coagulant (decreases bleeding)

                                                     *   *   *

SIDE EFFECTS: May lower blood pressure, liver issues (rare)

CONTRAINDICATIONS AND CAUTIONS: Caution with blood pressure medication (may lower too much), liver disease

FORMS: Extract, tincture, powder, solids/dried herb, capsules, gums

RECOMMENDED BRANDS

No recommended brands at this time

DOSAGES: As directed

Doses not curently available. Reported herbal doses vary widely across consumer and clinical sources, and many are not supported by strong evidence. Always follow the instructions provided on the product label, and keep in mind that suggested amounts may not be backed by high‑quality research. For detailed drug dosing and interaction information, refer to Epocrates

*Disclaimer: The material above is for informational purposes only. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat or cure a condition. The uses listed above are tentative; some have or are undergoing research trials, but many are not FDA-approved. It is essential that you investigate these supplements further before deciding to use them. Check interactions and contraindications on sites like Drugs.com or WebMD. Do not attempt to treat a serious condition like liver, kidney problems, high blood pressure, heart, cancer, diabetes, or thyroid issues without discussing it with a healthcare provider first. If you are pregnant, do not use supplements without discussing it with your healthcare provider.