Respiratory: Cough, colds, sore throat, laryngitis, bronchitis

Cardiovascular: Antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory

Gastrointestinal: Antidiarrheal, tooth and gum disorders/gingivitis, stomatitis, oral ulcers,

indigestion, liver disorders (?), liver protective (?), antihelminth (intestinal worms), stomach ulcers, dysentery, constipation, hemorrhoids, colitis

Genitourinary: Urinary disorders, birth control (historical ONLY- DO NOT assume effectiveness), UTI

Musculoskeletal: Osteoarthritis, antinociceptive pain,

Skin: Itching, leprosy, enhances healing, psoriasis, boils

Glucose: May help lower blood sugar

Immunity: Possible immune properties

Cancer: Possible antineoplastic, leukemia

Neurologic: Migraines

Mental Health: Anorexia, alertness (betel nut), sense of well-being (betel nut), cognitive function

Infectious Disease: Staph, salmonella, typhoid fever, Pseudomonas, Candida albicans, E. coli, gonorrhea, Klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella, syphilis

Other: Fever, obesity, anemia, coagulant (decreases bleeding)

                                                     *   *   *

SIDE EFFECTS: May lower blood pressure, liver issues (rare)

CONTRAINDICATIONS AND CAUTIONS: Caution with blood pressure medication (may lower too much), liver disease

FORMS: Extract, tincture, powder, solids/dried herb, capsules, gums

RECOMMENDED BRANDS

Currently unavailable.

DOSAGES: As directed

Reported doses - often NOT supported by evidence (reported by various sources (WebMD, RxList, Epocrates, German Commission E, or NIH publications and others). Read dosages and instructions carefully when available on the label.

*Disclaimer: The material above is for informational purposes only. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat or cure a condition. The uses listed above are tentative; some have or are undergoing research trials, but many are not FDA-approved. It is essential that you investigate these supplements further before deciding to use them. Check interactions and contraindications on sites like Drugs.com or WebMD. Do not attempt to treat a serious condition like liver, kidney problems, high blood pressure, heart, cancer, diabetes, or thyroid issues without discussing it with a healthcare provider first. If you are pregnant, do not use supplements without discussing it with your healthcare provider.